Countries have a long and rich educational history, dating back to ancient institutions such as Nalanda. However, as a developing nation, it continues to face several challenges, particularly in primary education. The literacy rate has improved significantly, rising from about 3% in 1880 to around 65% in 2001. Similarly, net enrolment among children aged 6-10 years increased from 68% to 82% between 1992-93 and 1998-99. Despite this progress, major issues remain. Reports indicate that nearly half of rural children aged 10 are unable to read at a basic level, and over 60% cannot perform simple division. In addition, about half of the children drop out of school by the age of 14, and fewer than 40% of adolescents attend secondary school. Access to higher education is also limited, with only about one in ten young people reaching the tertiary level. Furthermore, studies suggest that only a quarter of graduates are considered employable. Education in India, from primary to higher levels, is largely overseen by the Ministry of Human Resource Development through the Department of School Education and Literacy and the Department of Higher Education. The system is heavily subsidized by the government, although there has been a gradual move toward partial self-financing in higher education. The government has also considered allowing 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in this sector. Higher education in India has developed along multiple streams, each regulated by specific apex bodies under the broader supervision of the ministry. Most of the country's universities are funded by state governments, while a group of Central Universities is funded by the Union Government and generally benefits from better resources. Professional education is regulated by specialized bodies: engineering and management institutions by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), medical education by the Medical Council of India (MCI), agricultural education by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), and teacher education by the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE).