Frank J. Coppa, retired Professor of History and Director of Doctoral Studies in Modern World History at St. John¿s University, received his doctorate from the Catholic University of America. He is the author of a series of biographies on Giovanni Giolitti, Camillo di Cavour, Pope Pius IX, and Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli, among others. His most recent volumes include The Modern Papacy, The Papacy Confronts the Modern World, The Papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust, and Politics and the Papacy in the Modern World. Coppa has edited and contributed to Controversial Concordats and received numerous grants including Fulbright and National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2011 Dr. Coppa was the first recipient of the American Catholic Historical Association¿s Lifetime Distinguished Scholarship Award.